HIST 1302 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Essay Example

Julius Caesar Conflicting Perspectives free essay sample

Module C: Conflicting points of view Composers utilize an assortment of mediums to introduce a contention inside an occasion, character or circumstance bringing about the contention of viewpoints. David Gutterson utilizes Snow Falling on Cedars to investigate clashing points of view on close to home and political levels including: †¢ Justice and in equity †¢ Truth and errors †¢ Tolerance and preference Snow falling on cedars David Gutterson utilizing account strategies: Circular story structureUses this gadget to help describe and recognize the clashing viewpoints specifically coordinating activity through the discussion of the legal dispute. Done by restricted perspective, flashbacks, and confining Abundant utilization of flashbacks in the depiction of Ishmael; o From being a youthful, gullible kid: â€Å"inside of the tree he felt never be found there† o To an insensible, static, baffled state: â€Å"if you’re going to recollect something to that effect efendants articulation keep yourself reasonable. In any case you’re been emotional in a way that isn't reasonable for the accused† o And doubt in God: â€Å"it didn't make a difference whether he concurred with her about God he had tricked himself for a considerable length of time into pondering Ishamel’s spirit unrest: â€Å"the world was one and the idea that one may kill another over a little fix of it didn't bode well = We see a bias viewpoint surfaceOmniscient portrayal consequently makes an inward clash inside Ishmael concerning whether should be partiality or open minded. We will compose a custom paper test on Julius Caesar Conflicting Perspectives or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page An opportunity to kill An exact and sensational portrayal of a little southern network which faces isolation, racial shamefulness and bias qualities head on showing the mental consequences for a general public in the south and its legal framework Incident of assault turns into the stage for social outcryRather then disclosing to one complex story line it bounces around indicating an expansive assortment of characters †not many of whom get grew however numerous who arrive at determinations Forms an account painting which uncovers the two parts of the bargains range and point of view Similar to SFOC the goal of the round account structure yet follows a straight course of events As Story unfurls, film centers around the racial bad form from the extreme feelings of disdain inside the characters. Most critical relationship been that of Jake and Carl lee: compelled to rise above their central contrasts and work together for a similar reason Similar to Ishamel sharing Hatuse with Kabuo : sets aside contrasts Jake Brigance attempts to feel for Carl Lee yet consistently has white racial predominance: â€Å"the actuality is that you are much the same as the remainder of them. At the point when you see me you don’t see a man, you see a dark man† Prescence of the Klu Klax Klan, both as a foe power and as the encapsulation of visually impaired contempt that exists as bigotry. Schumacher addresses this foe power by playing with the visual feeling of size; As the KKK stroll into town they are pondered a glass window which reflects them multiple times their stature leaving a feeling of terrorizing. On the other hand the NAACP’s prescence contrary to the KKK is noteworthy in tending to the contention of points of view. The camera points likewise speak to and address racial bias. Equity and Injustice: Snow falling on CedarsSymbolism utilized in SFOC to resemble with the characters struggle in viewpoints Snow snowstorm setting which corresponds with nature of the legal dispute Uses devastation of the snowstorm setting to speak to the thought that everything is equivalent and merits equity inside the wild nature yet human points of view and choices are what creates the equity strife: â€Å"All human professes to scene were super sided, made invalid and void by the day off.

The Overview of an Article about Japanese Animation Essay

The Overview of an Article about Japanese Animation - Essay Example The paper The Overview of an Article about Japanese Animation discusses the article that portrays the Japanese endeavors to vitalize the western methods of creative mind and even a few parts of its craft culture. The article begins with a kind of story and this proceeds for some time yet toward the finish of the passage comes the proposal proclamation which expressly empowers the peruser to comprehend what the article will be about. The theory introduced in the article is upheld up by the fine art of Monet’s La Japonaise where despite the fact that it has a touch of Japanese topic dependent on apparel, different impressionists are on the whole western. This is another thing in the Japanese craftsmanship. This is proof of the painting is likewise in fortuitous event with the movies and other work of art by the Japanese whose heading has changed from absolutely Japanese subjects to a blend of Japanese and western thoughts. Questions and even replies about more proof of this proposition proclamation and on the side of the article are discovered further in the article. The writer additionally indicates the time changes of these craftsmanship impressions and heading and thus anybody with more inquiries can check this facing chronicled books. The express clarifications offered by the creator about this topic of conversation leaves the crowd fulfilled. The author’s conversation about the adjustment in course of Japanese craftsmanship and furthermore the pictorial proof causes me to concur with her. I don't concur with her contention that Japanese culture despite everything has extraordinary impact over the western kind of craftsmanship since the nineteenth Century to date.

Partitioning Methods to Improve Obsolescence Forecasting

Parceling Methods to Improve Obsolescence Forecasting Amol Kulkarni Unique Clustering is an unaided order of perceptions or information things into gatherings or bunches. The issue of grouping has been tended to by numerous scientists in different controls, which serves to mirror its helpfulness as one of the means in exploratory information investigation. This paper presents an outline of dividing strategies, with an objective of giving valuable exhortation and references to recognizing the ideal number of bunch and give a fundamental prologue to group approval methods. The point of grouping techniques did in this paper is to introduce helpful data which would help in determining out of date quality. INRODUCTION There have been more developments recorded in the previous thirty years than the remainder of recorded mankind, and this pace rushes each month. Thus, the item life cycle has been diminishing quickly, and the existence pattern of items not, at this point fit together with the existence pattern of their parts. This issue is named as out of date quality, wherein a segment can never again be acquired from its unique producer. Outdated nature can be comprehensively arranged into Planned and Unplanned out of date quality. Arranged oldness can be considered as a business technique, wherein the out of date quality of an item is incorporated with it from its origination. As Philip Kotler named it Much supposed arranged outdated nature is the working of the serious and mechanical powers in a free society-powers that lead to ever-improving products and ventures. Then again, spontaneous out of date quality makes more mischief a prospering industry than great. This issue is increasingly common i n the hardware business; the acquisition life-cycles for electronic segments are essentially shorter than the assembling and bolster life-cycle. Subsequently, it is profoundly critical to actualize and work a functioning administration of out of date quality to moderate and maintain a strategic distance from outrageous expenses [1]. One such item that has been tormented by danger of out of date quality is the computerized camera. Since the time the development of cell phones there has been a colossal plunge in the computerized camera deals, as can be seen from Figure 1. The diminishing value, the exponential rate at which the pixels and the goals of the advanced mobile phones improved can be named as not many of the elements that tore up the computerized camera showcase. Figure 1 Worldwide Sales of Digital Cameras (2011-2016) [2] and Worldwide offer of cellphones on the right (2007-2016) [3] Grouping People normally use grouping to comprehend their general surroundings. The capacity to bunch sets of articles dependent on likenesses are principal to learning. Specialists have tried to catch these characteristic learning techniques numerically and this has birthed the grouping research. To assist us with tackling issues in any event roughly as our mind, scientifically exact documentation of grouping is significant [4]. Bunching is a valuable procedure to investigate regular groupings inside multivariate information for a structure of common groupings, likewise for highlight extraction and summing up. Bunching is likewise helpful in recognizing anomalies, shaping theories concerning connections. Bunching can be thought of as apportioning a given space into K bunches i.e., à °Ã¢ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬Å": à °Ã¢ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¹ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ’ {1, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦, K}. One technique for doing this parceling is to advance some interior bunching standards, for example, the separation between every perception inside a group and so on. While grouping assumes a significant job in information examination and fills in as a preprocessing step for a huge number of learning task, our essential premium lies in the capacity of bunches to acquire data from the information to improve forecast exactness. As grouping, can be suspected of isolating classes, it should help in arrangement task. The point of bunching is to discover valuable gatherings of items, value being characterized by the objectives of the information examination. Most bunching calculations expect us to know the quantity of groups heretofore. Notwithstanding, there is no natural method of distinguishing the ideal number of bunches. Recognizing ideal bunching is reliant on the techniques utilized for estimating likenesses, and the parameters utilized for apportioning, by and large distinguishing the ideal number of groups. Deciding number of groups is frequently an impromptu choice dependent on earlier information, suspicions, and pragmatic experience is abstract. This paper performs k-means and k-medoids grouping to pick up data from the information structure that could assume a significant job in foreseeing oldness. It likewise attempts to address the issue of evaluating group inclination, which is an above all else step while doing solo AI process. Enhancement of inner and outside grouping standards will be done to distinguish the ideal number of bunch. Group Validation will be done to recognize the most reasonable bunching calculation. Information CLEANING Missing an incentive in a dataset is a typical event in certifiable issues. It is imperative to realize how to deal with missing information to diminish inclination and to create ground-breaking models. At times disregarding the missing information, predispositions the appropriate responses and conceivably prompts wrong end. Rubin in [7] separated between three kinds of missing qualities in the dataset: Missing totally aimlessly (MCAR): when cases with missing qualities can be thought of as an arbitrary example of the considerable number of cases; MCAR happens seldom by and by. Missing indiscriminately (MAR): when adapted on all the information we have, any staying missing worth is totally irregular; that is, it doesn't rely upon some missing factors. In this way, missing qualities can be displayed utilizing the watched information. At that point, we can utilize particular missing information examination strategies on the accessible information to address for the impacts of missing qualities. Missing not aimlessly (MNAR): when information is neither MCAR nor MAR. This is hard to deal with on the grounds that it will require solid presumptions about the examples of missing information. While by and by the utilization of complete case strategies which drops the perceptions containing missing qualities is very normal, this technique has the impediment that it is wasteful and possibly prompts inclination. Beginning methodology was to outwardly investigate every individual variable with the assistance of VIM. Notwithstanding, after learning the constraints of filling in missing qualities through exploratory information investigation, this methodology was relinquished for various attributions. Joint Modeling (JM) and Fully Conditional Specification (FCS) are the two developing general techniques in attributing multivariate information. In the event that multivariate dissemination of the missing information is a sensible presumption, at that point Joint Modeling which attributes information dependent on Markov Chain Monte Carlo strategies would be the best strategy. FCS determines the multivariate ascription model on a variable-by-factor premise by a lot of restrictive densities, one for each fragmented variable. Beginning from an underlying attribution, FCS draws ascriptions by emphasizing over the contingent densities. A low number of cycles is frequently adequate. FCS is appealing as an option to JM in situations where no reasonable multivariate dissemination can be found [8]. The Multiple attributions approach includes filling in missing qualities on numerous occasions, making different complete datasets. Since numerous ascriptions include making different expectations for each missing worth, the examination of information ascribed on various occasions consider the vulnerability in the attributions and yield exact standard blunders. Different attribution strategies have been used to credit missing qualities in the dataset, basically on the grounds that it protects the connection in the information and it likewise safeguards vulnerability about these relations. This technique is in no way, shape or form great, it has its own complexities. The main intricacy was having factors of various sorts (twofold, unordered and persistent), accordingly making the utilization of models, which expected multivariate ordinary dispersion hypothetically unseemly. There are a few complexities that surface recorded in [8]. So as to address this issue It is helpful to indicate ascription model independently for every segment in the information. This is called as tied conditions wherein the particular happens at a variable level, which is surely known by the client. The main undertaking is to distinguish the factors to be remembered for the attribution procedure. This by and large incorporates all the factors that will be utilized in the resulting investigation independent of the nearness of missing information, just as factors that might be prescient of the missing information. There are three explicit issues that frequently come up while choosing factors: (1) making an ascription model that is more broad than the investigation model, (2) ascribing factors at the thing level versus the synopsis level, and (3) ascribing factors that reflect crude scores versus normalized scores. To help settle on a choice on these angles, the circulation of the factors may help manage the choice. For instance, if the crude scores of a nonstop measure are more regularly disseminated than the comparing normalized scores at that point utilizing the crude scores in the attribution model, will probably better meet the presumptions of the direct relapses being utilized in the ascription procedure. The accompanying picture shows the missing qualities in the information outline containing the data with respect to computerized camera. Figure 2 Missing Variables We can see that Effective Pixels has missing qualities for every one of its perceptions. After cross checking it with the source site, the web scrapper was modifying to accurately catch this variable from the site. The date variable was changed over from a numeric to a date and this empowered the recognizable proof of blunders in the perception for USB in the dataset. Two cameras that were discharged in 1994 1995 were appeared to have USB 2.0, after searc

The Teachers Who Made Me a Better Reader and Writer

The Teachers Who Made Me a Better Reader and Writer When I was younger and less savvy about bookish websites, the only place where I could actively engage in my love of reading with someone other than myself was the classroom. My parents were never the type to read to me before bed because they were too tired from working all day. (They did, however, provide me with all the books I wanted.) I also didn’t have many friends that were readers, so being a reader was quite a lonely thing to beâ€"unless I was in the classroom. Most of my classmates were the I-don’t-like-to-read type, so it was mostly my teachers that made reading in the classroom fun and engaging. These teachers were important to my development as a reader and writer for many reasons. Without them, I probably never would have gone on to major in English at college, where I also had some amazing professors. There are three teachers in particular who were essential in shaping me as a reader and writer. Because I have no contact with these teachers anymore, and because Im not sure how they would feel about me writing about them, Ill only be using the first letter of their last name. Third Grade Ms. R taught us a lot about science and art through Mary Pope Osborne’s Magic Tree House series. She used the books’ imaginative storylines to help foster our own imaginations and creativity. We made papier-mâché dragons based on one of the books, and we led our own group science projects where we researched animals that Jack and Annie encountered on their adventures. Ms. R was able to channel what we were reading into hands-on activities where we could interact with the themes of the books. Seventh Grade Despite Ms. L being the primary seventh-grade science teacher, she devoted our homeroom hours to reading and writing. She would have us read books such as Hoot by Carl Hiaasen out loud, and then have us discuss the passages as a class. Our discussions were essential when it came time to structure and write our essays. Ms. L taught us to have a clear understanding of what our thesis was and discuss it in a way where everyone would be able to follow our thought process. This was a huge influence in how I wrote my essays throughout high school. Junior Year British Lit Finally theres Mr. V, who is still the most enthusiastic teacher Ive ever had. He taught the dreaded British literature class but did so in an exciting and theatrical way. Every story and poem we read in class had to be read preciselyâ€"if not, he would make use start all over again. This exercise really helped when words were too difficult to pronounce or the tone in writing shifted. He also had us watch films such as Braveheart, which we used to contrast his favorite play, Macbeth, in an essay. His teaching was just what I needed to tone my literary analysis skills. These three teachers solidified reading and writing as an essential part of my life, and for that, I thank them. I hope that everyone, avid reader or not, has had a teacher or two like Ive had. Are there any teachers you would like to thank or give a shout-out to?

Background And Development Of Reinforcement Theory - Free Essay Example

BF Skinner and his associates proposed reinforcement theory of motivation. Reinforcement theory (also called as operant Conditioning) states that individual s behavior is a function of its consequences. It is based on law of effect . 2.2 Law of Effect OB Mod relies heavily on the law of effect, which states that a person tends to repeat behavior that is accompanied by favorable consequences (reinforcement) and tends not to repeat behavior that is accompanied by unfavorable consequences. ( Newstrom W. John, p no 111 ) Reinforcement theory of motivation looks out on the perception of individuals. This theory focuses totally on what happens to an individual when he takes some action. Thus, according to Skinner, the external environment of the organization must be designed effectively and positively so as to motivate the employee. This theory is applied for analyzing controlling mechanism for individual s behavior. However, it does not focus on the causes of individual s beh avior. 2.3 Behavior Modification Organizational behavior modification, or OB Mod, is the application in organizations of the principles of behavior modification, which evolved from the work of B.F. Skinner. OB Mod and the next several models are process theories of motivation, since they provide perspectives on the dynamics by which employees can be motivated. ( Newstrom W. John, p no 111 ) The figure below illustrates the basic steps in OB mod. Source: Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations by Ricky W. Griffin,Gregory Moorhead The first step is to identify performance related behavioral events that are the desirable and undesirable behaviors. A manager of a restaurant might decide the most important behavior for the steward is to greet customers warmly and serve them. The second step in behavior modification is for, managers to baseline the performance of each individual which is usually calculated in percentage across different time intervals. Ex ample if any sales representative is getting around 25% of the total sales as required by the company. The third step is to identify existing behavior contingencies or consequences of performance exactly how the employee is performing. The fourth step is to develop intervention strategies in other words some element of the performance reward- linkage structure, process, technology, groups, or tasks is changed to make high level performance more rewarding. After the intervention step, the manager again measures performance to determine whether the desired effect has been achieved. If not manager must again re design the intervention strategy or repeat the entire process. Next step is to maintain desirable behaviors through positive reinforcement for example granting incentives every time a desired behavior is shown by the employee. Finally, managers has to evaluate performance management as to how the employee are performing and by offering long term rewards like incre ase in pay, promotion to sustain ongoing efforts to improve performance. (Griffin W. Rickey 9th edition, p no 108 ) Chapter 4 Types of Reinforcement Reinforcement Methods Source: The fundamentals of Organization Behavior by Henri L. Tossi, Neal P. Mero 3.1 Positive Reinforcement: Thomas J. Peters, author of In Search of Excellence, emphasizes that organizations striving for success need to celebrate what you want to see more of from your employees. In order to do this it is essential to understand the concept of positive reinforcement and its easy integration into your organization. Positive reinforcement is a standard analyzing tool that can be used in workplace, educational institutions and even in our day to day life, which is connected to performance or behavior. Positive reinforcement is used by managers to extract the desired behavior from the employee keeping organization success in mind. Positive reinforcement can be achieved by observing and carin g about an employee, positive reinforcement has a major impact on employee motivation, satisfaction, productivity and loyalty in attaining individual success. As well employee success contributes to the overall improvement in the organization s performance. As all of these results and success factors of positive reinforcement begin to come together, your organization will leap ahead in its increasingly competitive marketplace. Positive reinforcement in an organization can be achieved in many ways like praising the employee if he has achieved his target and giving incentives if the employee has completed the project for the month and taking the team out for a dinner and appreciate their effort and also managers can provide training to the employees who has achieved the goals and objectives of the organization. This will be immediately followed by the positive behavior; the employee will see a link between behavior and positive consequences and will be motivated to repeat similar b ehaviors in future. And employees tend to repeat the same in order to gain appreciation. Shaping is a methodical and progressive application of positive reinforcement. It occurs when more frequent, or more powerful, reinforcements are successively given as the employee comes closer to the desired behavior8. Even though the desired behavior is not shown by the employee, it will be encouraged by giving reinforcement for behavior in the right direction. Shaping can be used by managers to train the employee for complex tasks/assignments. 3.2 Negative Reinforcement: Negative reinforcement is one which involves the removal of undesired behavior of an employee. Negative reinforcement is also known as Avoidance. In other words negative reinforcement is used to increase the desired behavior. Rather than receiving a reward following a desirable behavior, the person is given the opportunity to avoid an unpleasant consequence (Griffin W. Rickey 9th edition, p no 108 ). This also inv olves removal of objectionable outcomes once desired behavior is demonstrated. Example of common undesired behavior of employee in an organization Employees rushing and not quality checking their own work. Talking to colleagues instead of responding to customers in a timely manner which hampers the growth of the organization Being unpleasant, rude or argumentative to team mates. Opposing all improvement suggestions made by the managers. Repeatedly raising trivial issues. Taking excessive breaks. Not showing interest in learning new things related to work. Managers can apply negative reinforcement theory to control the behavior of the employee Example 1: if the employee is not showing interest in the work and is showing casual attitude, managers can speak to the employee and cut down the incentive so that deduction may correct the behavior of the employee, so here incentive acts as a catalyst to change the behavior of the employee. Example 2: Managers pr essurize the employee if the report/project is not completed on time, these results in employee completing the report/project to avoid pressure from the manager. Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment, but they are not the same. Punishment attempts to decrease the probability of specific behaviors; negative reinforcement attempts to increase desired behavior. Negative reinforcement can be used effectively by managers to reshape the behavior of the employee in the organization and change to desired behavior. So negative reinforcement is one of the standard reinforce that can be used by managers. 3.3 Punishment: Punishment is another process in reinforcement theory which managers can implement on employee to reduce the frequency of undesirable behaviors. Punishment is an unpleasant, or aversive, consequence of a behavior. Examples of punishment are verbal or written reprimands, pay cut, layoffs, loss of privileges and may be termination. (Griffin W. Ri ckey 9th edition ) Punishment is different from negative reinforcement, in negative reinforcement is used to increase the desired behavior of the employee whereas in punishment the unpleasant behavior is eliminated by having a negative event which follows the behavior of the employee. Here in punishment the employee stops or avoids undesirable consequences. Punishment must be used as a tool to change the behavior of the employee and give employee a chance to correct his behavior. Besides undesired behavior may far reach negative effects if they go unpunished. (Griffin W. Rickey 9th edition, p no 105 ) Example 1: Manager must punish the employee if he continues to underperform after several warnings and does not show any improvements. Punishment should be used as a last resort to change the behavior of the employee because it may put lot of pressure and stress which may result in unpredictable outcome. Punishment may not permanently eliminate undesired behavior because so metimes it will be not having an alternative to the desired behavior. 3.4 Extinction: Extinction is referred as elimination of desired behavior when manager s hold back positive reinforcement. If rewards are withdrawn for behaviors that were previously reinforced, the behaviors will probably become less frequent and die out. (Griffin W. Rickey 9th edition, p no 105 ) The behavior of the employee is no longer reinforced and is less likely to occur in future and may affect the organization growth, while positive reinforcement contributes to the overall growth of the organization extinction can hamper the growth by not recognizing employee performance. Example 1: If the employee is continually praised for the promptness in which he completes his work for several months, but receives no praise in subsequent months for such behavior, his desirable behaviors may diminish. Thus, Extinction is the most important part of reinforcement theory because it may affect the employee productivity or creativity which reflects in the employee performance. So as to avoid unwanted extinction, managers may have to continue to offer positive behavioral consequences and maintain his good performance. If managers inadvertently or otherwise, stop rewarding valuable behaviors such as good performance, those behaviors may also become extinct. (Griffin W. Rickey 9th edition, p no 105 ) Chapter 5 Schedules of Reinforcement Schedules of reinforcement theory are based on when managers should apply different types of reinforcement theory to shape or reshape the desired behavior of the employees. Applying different types completely depends on the situation. The table below shows summarizes the five basic reinforcement schedules that managers can use Source: Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations by Ricky W. Griffin, Gregory Moorhead The two main types of reinforcement schedules are continuous and intermittent. Although the schedule of rei nforcement often depends on practical considerations, reinforcement is always delivered according to some schedule. ( Slocump W. John no 108 ) 5.1 Continuous Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement rewards behaviour every time it occurs. Continuous reinforcement is very effective in motivating desirable behaviors, especially in the early stages of learning, when the goal is to familiarize the employee being conditioned with the basic ground rules of the situation. Continuous reinforcement must be provided promptly and consistently in order to work. Managers must closely monitor the behavior of the employee to reward every time he delivers desirable behaviors. Partial reinforcement may affect the employee from showing desired behavior, if the employee is praised for every time he completes his work and will not receive any acclamation for the subsequent works done, the employee may stop putting the extra effort. Every time reinforcement is applied it strengthens behavior, so continuous reinforcement leads to very rapid increases in the rate of behavior. It is especially useful, then, when the task is to shape up some new behavior or behavior chain. ( Chance Paul, p no 177 ) 5.2 Fixed Interval Reinforcement Fixed interval reinforcement is defined as the reinforcement schedule where rewards are spaced at uniform levels. The critical variable is time, and it is held constant. This is the predominant schedule for most salaried employees11. Examples of fixed interval reinforcement may be monthly salaries given to employee, pay check given on weekly basis; employees are rewarded on a fixed interval reinforcement schedule. ( Robbins, Judge, Millet, p no 59 ) In fixed interval reinforcement employee are not rewarded whenever they show desired behavior, they will be rewarded on a monthly, weekly basis unlike in continuous reinforcement employee will be rewarded every time a desired behavior is occurred. Unfortunately, in many situations the fixed interval schedule does not necessarily maintain high performance levels. Example: if employees know that they will be paid and visited by manager on a weekly basis, they may be motivated to work hard at that point of time, to gain praise and recognition. And other days of the week the employees may not work so hard because they have learned that reinforcement is unlikely except during the weekly visit. 5.3 Variable Interval Reinforcement Variable reinforcement uses time as the basis for applying reinforcement, but it varies the interval between reinforcement. This schedule is inappropriate for paying wages, but it can work well for other types of positive reinforcement such as praise and recognition and for avoidance. ( Griffin W. Ricky, 9th Edition, p no 105 ) Considering the above example for variable reinforcement if manager s visits employees work stations any time during the week, so they will be having no idea of when the manager will be visiting their work station s, so employee will be motivated to work hard for a longer period of time. 5.4 Fixed Ratio In a fixed- ratio schedule, after a fixed or constant amount number of responses are given, a reward is initiated. ( Robbins, Judge, Millet ) With fixed-ratio reinforcement, the number of behaviors needed to obtain reinforcement is constant. Fixed interval means it happens at the same rate at the same time. Like an allowance that you receive on the 20th of every month. 5.5 Variable Ratio Variable Ratio reinforcement, the number of behaviors required for reinforcement varies over time. An employee performing under a variable ratio schedule is motivated to work hard because each successful behavior increases the probability that the next one will result in reinforcement14. ( Griffin W. Ricky, 9th Edition, p no 106 ) Variable ratio reinforcement tends to be the most powerful of the entire reinforcement schedules because in variable ratio the number of desired behavior required f or reinforcement is not important, intervals between reinforcement is very crucial, interval between reinforcement must not be too long that the employee will be demotivated and stops trying it. Example: Variable ratio refers to getting different amount money at different times. This could be seen in someone who is paid in commission the more cars a person sells, the more money he makes, therefore it is a ratio and he/she doesn t know how many cars they are going to sell to make money, so they must sell as many cars as possible. Chapter 6 Being a Motivating Manager In previous chapters we have discussed about the types and schedules of reinforcement, in this chapter we will discuss few points about how manager should motivate the employee in order to get the best results out of them: 1) Treat staff well: Manager has to be friendly with the entire employees in the organization and also has to maintain a level of distance with his staff, which is bit complicated. Ma nager should motivate the employee by having timely discussions and group meetings and encouraging them for the desired behavior. Small gestures of this type help in building up of a cordial relationship. (2) Recognize the differences: Recognizing the difference is very difficult on the manager s part, which should be carried out very cautiously because all the employees in the organization vibrate to a different pace, so motivating one employee may affect other employee growth and can also demotivated him/her. Understanding and recognizing the differences between the individual is very important. (3) Set realistic goals: Set moderate goals. Setting too high a task creates a feeling of non-achievement, right from the beginning itself. The goals set should be such which seem feasible to the employees to be achieved. A slightly higher target than expected provides a challenge. (4) Prevent Demonization: The job of the manager is to motivate the employee working under him, the role of manager includes both motivating and punishing the employee, but punishment must be used as an last resort to change the behavior of the employee else it may affect the productivity of the employees. (5) Non-financial rewards: Apart from giving incentives, pay raise, manager has to focus on non-monetary rewards such as an achievement award or a letter of appreciation which boosts the efficiency of the staffs to work harder and also gain more accolades in future which will create a competitive environment in the work place. Chapter 7 Conclusion Reinforcement theory explains in detail how an individual learns behaviour. Managers who are making attempt to motivate the employees must ensure that they do not reward all employees simultaneously. They must tell the employees what they are not doing correct and guide them properly to ensure that all the employee work towards achieving the organization success. The main objective of reinforcement theory is to ensure that employees perform the tasks assigned to them as fast as they can, take new projects and put their maximum efforts in achieving the tasks and increase there efficiency. Manager must see the employees in the human perspective and not in business perspective, so manager must give chances to the employees to move towards the desired behavior from the undesired, which helps both the employee in increasing the frequency of desired behavior and managers to be successful and build a good rapport with the employees.

The Victims Of History By George Orwell - 1234 Words

The Victims of History the importance in critical history studies In his critically acclaimed novel, 1984, George Orwell wrote the following; â€Å"Who controls the past controls the future. And who controls the present controls the past.† When discussing the validity of studying history critically, I think this quote accurately highlights many of the key points that are discussed when it comes to studying history. Critical history analysis prompts us to consider more than just the information we are presented with, instead it seeks to uncover both sides of the full story. Taking this into consideration, the first part of Orwell’s quote can be understood as a representation of the stories that are presented to us as history. The victors of these past battles and power struggles became those who control the narrative which in turn becomes the dominant narrative and enforced narrative. While there are those who may choose to accept these societally favoured ideologies, without critical investigation we leave ourselves blind to the true atrocities that have been committed in order to secure positions of power. I will be using the opinions and facts presented in the essays written by Tricia Logan and Joan Scott as evidence to support my reasoning for the importance in critical historical studies. Tricia Logan’s essay; Memory, Erasure and National Myth, takes a look at Canadian history through a critical lens, focusing especially on the relationship between the CanadianShow MoreRelatedEssay on 1984: A Prophesy for the Future?1049 Words   |  5 Pagesto control the personal life of the citizens. The government wanted the people to have no thoughts of their own and insisted on having constant support from its citizens. The state controlled everything, your thought, your actions, and even your history. The 1940s were full of tension and changes. For instance, World War II was going on. Journalists were moving from radio to television. The Cold War was beginning from the end of the Second World War. This was a competition for world dominanceRead More1984 Analysis Essay631 Words   |  3 PagesHistory and 1984 War is peace. Freedom is Slavery. Ignorance is strength. In George Orwells 1984, a light is shining on the concept of a negative utopia, or dystopia caused by totalitarianism. Totalitarianism is, a form of government in which political authority exercises absolute and centralized control over all aspects of lifeÂ… and any opposing political and/or cultural expressions are suppressed. Having lived in a time of totalitarianism regime, Orwell had a firsthand account ofRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm921 Words   |  4 Pagescause of controversy over topics such as life or government. When George Orwell wrote his book Animal Farm, it sparked lots of controversy over government. The book was written as a satire to mock the communist regime that was installed after the Russian Revolution. The book does not directly say it is about the revolution but is almost the same tale. George Orwell used subtle ways such as symbolism and anthropomorphism to represent history in a different way. In Animal Farm, just about every aspectRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Shooting An Elephant 933 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Orwell: Killing an Elephant Throughout history, empires from all over world, from different time periods, have been successful in acquiring vast majority of land from powerless nations. All of this is better known as imperialism. Empires look to expand and gain capital by acquiring raw materials, land, and labor. There is benefit for the conquering nation, but the oppressed victims are often left with their physical and mental health impaired as they are constantly exposed to long work hoursRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell Essay876 Words   |  4 Pages George Orwell was a great writer; he created a book with many different qualities. Animal Farm is an allegory, fable, and a satire. He made the characters in the novel relate to real people and events in history. Examples such allegory would be Animalism compared with Communism, Snowball compared with Leon Trotsky, and Napoleon compared to Joseph Stalin. Animalism in many ways does symbolize Communism. Animalism for the animals would be a perfect land, no rich, no poor, and everyone is equal.Read MoreTiananmen Square Incident(1989) - compare to 1984.1568 Words   |  7 PagesThe monstrous event that happened on June 4th, 1989 will be forever remembered as one of the most tragic days in human history. However, many decades ago, this event was foreseen and was foretold in the book, 1984, by George Orwell. Orwell saw the rise of totalitarianism, and he was deeply disturbed by what he saw. He believes totalitarianism will be the method that communist party adopts to fight freedom. The book foreshadows many of the events that will happen in a communist society. In many waysRead More The Colliding Dynamics of Class Structure Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pagesto fall victim to the systems of hierarchy. Built within these schemes are the inequalities that arise due to one’s position; and captured inside are the outcomes that influence levels of individual, educational, and occupational independence. People who do observe the inequities between classes may feel the impact of social stratification in various ways. Similarly the dynamics of class structure are very significant elements found throughout the works of Virginia Woolf, George Orwell, and KarlRead MoreBrave New World vs 1984757 Words   |  4 PagesAldous Huxley s Brave New World is more relevant today than George Orwell s 1984. Although both of the two totalitarian societies are based on plausible premises, the Utopia depicted in Brave New World still has a chance of appearing today, while the Big Brother-dominated society created by Orwell, being based to some extent on the totalitarian societies that existed at the time of the book s inception, is simply obsolete. Brave New World remains more believable in modern times becauseRead MoreThe Dangers of a Totalitarian Dictatorship1671 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans spoke out against in attempt to save the American society. George Orwell spoke out against it in 1949 by warning people in his novel 1984 that the spread of Communism would affect the country negatively. In this book, he portrays how a totalitarian dictatorship corrupts and has the power over citizens through technology, psychological manipulation and mind control, physical control, and the alteration of facts about history. Big Brother, the head of the Inner Party in 1984, uses technologyRead More The Dangers of a Totalitarian Dictatorship Essay1637 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans spoke out against in attempt to save the American society. George Orwell spoke out against it in 1949 by warning people in his novel 1984 that the spread of Communism would affect the country negatively. In this book, he portrays how a totalitarian dictatorship corrupts and has the power over citizens through technology, psychological manipulation and mind control, physical control, and the alteration of facts about history. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Big Brother, the head of the Inner