HIST 1302 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Essay Example

Julius Caesar Conflicting Perspectives free essay sample

Module C: Conflicting points of view Composers utilize an assortment of mediums to introduce a contention inside an occasion, character or circumstance bringing about the contention of viewpoints. David Gutterson utilizes Snow Falling on Cedars to investigate clashing points of view on close to home and political levels including: †¢ Justice and in equity †¢ Truth and errors †¢ Tolerance and preference Snow falling on cedars David Gutterson utilizing account strategies: Circular story structureUses this gadget to help describe and recognize the clashing viewpoints specifically coordinating activity through the discussion of the legal dispute. Done by restricted perspective, flashbacks, and confining Abundant utilization of flashbacks in the depiction of Ishmael; o From being a youthful, gullible kid: â€Å"inside of the tree he felt never be found there† o To an insensible, static, baffled state: â€Å"if you’re going to recollect something to that effect efendants articulation keep yourself reasonable. In any case you’re been emotional in a way that isn't reasonable for the accused† o And doubt in God: â€Å"it didn't make a difference whether he concurred with her about God he had tricked himself for a considerable length of time into pondering Ishamel’s spirit unrest: â€Å"the world was one and the idea that one may kill another over a little fix of it didn't bode well = We see a bias viewpoint surfaceOmniscient portrayal consequently makes an inward clash inside Ishmael concerning whether should be partiality or open minded. We will compose a custom paper test on Julius Caesar Conflicting Perspectives or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page An opportunity to kill An exact and sensational portrayal of a little southern network which faces isolation, racial shamefulness and bias qualities head on showing the mental consequences for a general public in the south and its legal framework Incident of assault turns into the stage for social outcryRather then disclosing to one complex story line it bounces around indicating an expansive assortment of characters †not many of whom get grew however numerous who arrive at determinations Forms an account painting which uncovers the two parts of the bargains range and point of view Similar to SFOC the goal of the round account structure yet follows a straight course of events As Story unfurls, film centers around the racial bad form from the extreme feelings of disdain inside the characters. Most critical relationship been that of Jake and Carl lee: compelled to rise above their central contrasts and work together for a similar reason Similar to Ishamel sharing Hatuse with Kabuo : sets aside contrasts Jake Brigance attempts to feel for Carl Lee yet consistently has white racial predominance: â€Å"the actuality is that you are much the same as the remainder of them. At the point when you see me you don’t see a man, you see a dark man† Prescence of the Klu Klax Klan, both as a foe power and as the encapsulation of visually impaired contempt that exists as bigotry. Schumacher addresses this foe power by playing with the visual feeling of size; As the KKK stroll into town they are pondered a glass window which reflects them multiple times their stature leaving a feeling of terrorizing. On the other hand the NAACP’s prescence contrary to the KKK is noteworthy in tending to the contention of points of view. The camera points likewise speak to and address racial bias. Equity and Injustice: Snow falling on CedarsSymbolism utilized in SFOC to resemble with the characters struggle in viewpoints Snow snowstorm setting which corresponds with nature of the legal dispute Uses devastation of the snowstorm setting to speak to the thought that everything is equivalent and merits equity inside the wild nature yet human points of view and choices are what creates the equity strife: â€Å"All human professes to scene were super sided, made invalid and void by the day off.

The Overview of an Article about Japanese Animation Essay

The Overview of an Article about Japanese Animation - Essay Example The paper The Overview of an Article about Japanese Animation discusses the article that portrays the Japanese endeavors to vitalize the western methods of creative mind and even a few parts of its craft culture. The article begins with a kind of story and this proceeds for some time yet toward the finish of the passage comes the proposal proclamation which expressly empowers the peruser to comprehend what the article will be about. The theory introduced in the article is upheld up by the fine art of Monet’s La Japonaise where despite the fact that it has a touch of Japanese topic dependent on apparel, different impressionists are on the whole western. This is another thing in the Japanese craftsmanship. This is proof of the painting is likewise in fortuitous event with the movies and other work of art by the Japanese whose heading has changed from absolutely Japanese subjects to a blend of Japanese and western thoughts. Questions and even replies about more proof of this proposition proclamation and on the side of the article are discovered further in the article. The writer additionally indicates the time changes of these craftsmanship impressions and heading and thus anybody with more inquiries can check this facing chronicled books. The express clarifications offered by the creator about this topic of conversation leaves the crowd fulfilled. The author’s conversation about the adjustment in course of Japanese craftsmanship and furthermore the pictorial proof causes me to concur with her. I don't concur with her contention that Japanese culture despite everything has extraordinary impact over the western kind of craftsmanship since the nineteenth Century to date.

Partitioning Methods to Improve Obsolescence Forecasting

Parceling Methods to Improve Obsolescence Forecasting Amol Kulkarni Unique Clustering is an unaided order of perceptions or information things into gatherings or bunches. The issue of grouping has been tended to by numerous scientists in different controls, which serves to mirror its helpfulness as one of the means in exploratory information investigation. This paper presents an outline of dividing strategies, with an objective of giving valuable exhortation and references to recognizing the ideal number of bunch and give a fundamental prologue to group approval methods. The point of grouping techniques did in this paper is to introduce helpful data which would help in determining out of date quality. INRODUCTION There have been more developments recorded in the previous thirty years than the remainder of recorded mankind, and this pace rushes each month. Thus, the item life cycle has been diminishing quickly, and the existence pattern of items not, at this point fit together with the existence pattern of their parts. This issue is named as out of date quality, wherein a segment can never again be acquired from its unique producer. Outdated nature can be comprehensively arranged into Planned and Unplanned out of date quality. Arranged oldness can be considered as a business technique, wherein the out of date quality of an item is incorporated with it from its origination. As Philip Kotler named it Much supposed arranged outdated nature is the working of the serious and mechanical powers in a free society-powers that lead to ever-improving products and ventures. Then again, spontaneous out of date quality makes more mischief a prospering industry than great. This issue is increasingly common i n the hardware business; the acquisition life-cycles for electronic segments are essentially shorter than the assembling and bolster life-cycle. Subsequently, it is profoundly critical to actualize and work a functioning administration of out of date quality to moderate and maintain a strategic distance from outrageous expenses [1]. One such item that has been tormented by danger of out of date quality is the computerized camera. Since the time the development of cell phones there has been a colossal plunge in the computerized camera deals, as can be seen from Figure 1. The diminishing value, the exponential rate at which the pixels and the goals of the advanced mobile phones improved can be named as not many of the elements that tore up the computerized camera showcase. Figure 1 Worldwide Sales of Digital Cameras (2011-2016) [2] and Worldwide offer of cellphones on the right (2007-2016) [3] Grouping People normally use grouping to comprehend their general surroundings. The capacity to bunch sets of articles dependent on likenesses are principal to learning. Specialists have tried to catch these characteristic learning techniques numerically and this has birthed the grouping research. To assist us with tackling issues in any event roughly as our mind, scientifically exact documentation of grouping is significant [4]. Bunching is a valuable procedure to investigate regular groupings inside multivariate information for a structure of common groupings, likewise for highlight extraction and summing up. Bunching is likewise helpful in recognizing anomalies, shaping theories concerning connections. Bunching can be thought of as apportioning a given space into K bunches i.e., à °Ã¢ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬Å": à °Ã¢ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ ¹ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ’ {1, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦, K}. One technique for doing this parceling is to advance some interior bunching standards, for example, the separation between every perception inside a group and so on. While grouping assumes a significant job in information examination and fills in as a preprocessing step for a huge number of learning task, our essential premium lies in the capacity of bunches to acquire data from the information to improve forecast exactness. As grouping, can be suspected of isolating classes, it should help in arrangement task. The point of bunching is to discover valuable gatherings of items, value being characterized by the objectives of the information examination. Most bunching calculations expect us to know the quantity of groups heretofore. Notwithstanding, there is no natural method of distinguishing the ideal number of bunches. Recognizing ideal bunching is reliant on the techniques utilized for estimating likenesses, and the parameters utilized for apportioning, by and large distinguishing the ideal number of groups. Deciding number of groups is frequently an impromptu choice dependent on earlier information, suspicions, and pragmatic experience is abstract. This paper performs k-means and k-medoids grouping to pick up data from the information structure that could assume a significant job in foreseeing oldness. It likewise attempts to address the issue of evaluating group inclination, which is an above all else step while doing solo AI process. Enhancement of inner and outside grouping standards will be done to distinguish the ideal number of bunch. Group Validation will be done to recognize the most reasonable bunching calculation. Information CLEANING Missing an incentive in a dataset is a typical event in certifiable issues. It is imperative to realize how to deal with missing information to diminish inclination and to create ground-breaking models. At times disregarding the missing information, predispositions the appropriate responses and conceivably prompts wrong end. Rubin in [7] separated between three kinds of missing qualities in the dataset: Missing totally aimlessly (MCAR): when cases with missing qualities can be thought of as an arbitrary example of the considerable number of cases; MCAR happens seldom by and by. Missing indiscriminately (MAR): when adapted on all the information we have, any staying missing worth is totally irregular; that is, it doesn't rely upon some missing factors. In this way, missing qualities can be displayed utilizing the watched information. At that point, we can utilize particular missing information examination strategies on the accessible information to address for the impacts of missing qualities. Missing not aimlessly (MNAR): when information is neither MCAR nor MAR. This is hard to deal with on the grounds that it will require solid presumptions about the examples of missing information. While by and by the utilization of complete case strategies which drops the perceptions containing missing qualities is very normal, this technique has the impediment that it is wasteful and possibly prompts inclination. Beginning methodology was to outwardly investigate every individual variable with the assistance of VIM. Notwithstanding, after learning the constraints of filling in missing qualities through exploratory information investigation, this methodology was relinquished for various attributions. Joint Modeling (JM) and Fully Conditional Specification (FCS) are the two developing general techniques in attributing multivariate information. In the event that multivariate dissemination of the missing information is a sensible presumption, at that point Joint Modeling which attributes information dependent on Markov Chain Monte Carlo strategies would be the best strategy. FCS determines the multivariate ascription model on a variable-by-factor premise by a lot of restrictive densities, one for each fragmented variable. Beginning from an underlying attribution, FCS draws ascriptions by emphasizing over the contingent densities. A low number of cycles is frequently adequate. FCS is appealing as an option to JM in situations where no reasonable multivariate dissemination can be found [8]. The Multiple attributions approach includes filling in missing qualities on numerous occasions, making different complete datasets. Since numerous ascriptions include making different expectations for each missing worth, the examination of information ascribed on various occasions consider the vulnerability in the attributions and yield exact standard blunders. Different attribution strategies have been used to credit missing qualities in the dataset, basically on the grounds that it protects the connection in the information and it likewise safeguards vulnerability about these relations. This technique is in no way, shape or form great, it has its own complexities. The main intricacy was having factors of various sorts (twofold, unordered and persistent), accordingly making the utilization of models, which expected multivariate ordinary dispersion hypothetically unseemly. There are a few complexities that surface recorded in [8]. So as to address this issue It is helpful to indicate ascription model independently for every segment in the information. This is called as tied conditions wherein the particular happens at a variable level, which is surely known by the client. The main undertaking is to distinguish the factors to be remembered for the attribution procedure. This by and large incorporates all the factors that will be utilized in the resulting investigation independent of the nearness of missing information, just as factors that might be prescient of the missing information. There are three explicit issues that frequently come up while choosing factors: (1) making an ascription model that is more broad than the investigation model, (2) ascribing factors at the thing level versus the synopsis level, and (3) ascribing factors that reflect crude scores versus normalized scores. To help settle on a choice on these angles, the circulation of the factors may help manage the choice. For instance, if the crude scores of a nonstop measure are more regularly disseminated than the comparing normalized scores at that point utilizing the crude scores in the attribution model, will probably better meet the presumptions of the direct relapses being utilized in the ascription procedure. The accompanying picture shows the missing qualities in the information outline containing the data with respect to computerized camera. Figure 2 Missing Variables We can see that Effective Pixels has missing qualities for every one of its perceptions. After cross checking it with the source site, the web scrapper was modifying to accurately catch this variable from the site. The date variable was changed over from a numeric to a date and this empowered the recognizable proof of blunders in the perception for USB in the dataset. Two cameras that were discharged in 1994 1995 were appeared to have USB 2.0, after searc

The Teachers Who Made Me a Better Reader and Writer

The Teachers Who Made Me a Better Reader and Writer When I was younger and less savvy about bookish websites, the only place where I could actively engage in my love of reading with someone other than myself was the classroom. My parents were never the type to read to me before bed because they were too tired from working all day. (They did, however, provide me with all the books I wanted.) I also didn’t have many friends that were readers, so being a reader was quite a lonely thing to beâ€"unless I was in the classroom. Most of my classmates were the I-don’t-like-to-read type, so it was mostly my teachers that made reading in the classroom fun and engaging. These teachers were important to my development as a reader and writer for many reasons. Without them, I probably never would have gone on to major in English at college, where I also had some amazing professors. There are three teachers in particular who were essential in shaping me as a reader and writer. Because I have no contact with these teachers anymore, and because Im not sure how they would feel about me writing about them, Ill only be using the first letter of their last name. Third Grade Ms. R taught us a lot about science and art through Mary Pope Osborne’s Magic Tree House series. She used the books’ imaginative storylines to help foster our own imaginations and creativity. We made papier-mâché dragons based on one of the books, and we led our own group science projects where we researched animals that Jack and Annie encountered on their adventures. Ms. R was able to channel what we were reading into hands-on activities where we could interact with the themes of the books. Seventh Grade Despite Ms. L being the primary seventh-grade science teacher, she devoted our homeroom hours to reading and writing. She would have us read books such as Hoot by Carl Hiaasen out loud, and then have us discuss the passages as a class. Our discussions were essential when it came time to structure and write our essays. Ms. L taught us to have a clear understanding of what our thesis was and discuss it in a way where everyone would be able to follow our thought process. This was a huge influence in how I wrote my essays throughout high school. Junior Year British Lit Finally theres Mr. V, who is still the most enthusiastic teacher Ive ever had. He taught the dreaded British literature class but did so in an exciting and theatrical way. Every story and poem we read in class had to be read preciselyâ€"if not, he would make use start all over again. This exercise really helped when words were too difficult to pronounce or the tone in writing shifted. He also had us watch films such as Braveheart, which we used to contrast his favorite play, Macbeth, in an essay. His teaching was just what I needed to tone my literary analysis skills. These three teachers solidified reading and writing as an essential part of my life, and for that, I thank them. I hope that everyone, avid reader or not, has had a teacher or two like Ive had. Are there any teachers you would like to thank or give a shout-out to?

Background And Development Of Reinforcement Theory - Free Essay Example

BF Skinner and his associates proposed reinforcement theory of motivation. Reinforcement theory (also called as operant Conditioning) states that individual s behavior is a function of its consequences. It is based on law of effect . 2.2 Law of Effect OB Mod relies heavily on the law of effect, which states that a person tends to repeat behavior that is accompanied by favorable consequences (reinforcement) and tends not to repeat behavior that is accompanied by unfavorable consequences. ( Newstrom W. John, p no 111 ) Reinforcement theory of motivation looks out on the perception of individuals. This theory focuses totally on what happens to an individual when he takes some action. Thus, according to Skinner, the external environment of the organization must be designed effectively and positively so as to motivate the employee. This theory is applied for analyzing controlling mechanism for individual s behavior. However, it does not focus on the causes of individual s beh avior. 2.3 Behavior Modification Organizational behavior modification, or OB Mod, is the application in organizations of the principles of behavior modification, which evolved from the work of B.F. Skinner. OB Mod and the next several models are process theories of motivation, since they provide perspectives on the dynamics by which employees can be motivated. ( Newstrom W. John, p no 111 ) The figure below illustrates the basic steps in OB mod. Source: Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations by Ricky W. Griffin,Gregory Moorhead The first step is to identify performance related behavioral events that are the desirable and undesirable behaviors. A manager of a restaurant might decide the most important behavior for the steward is to greet customers warmly and serve them. The second step in behavior modification is for, managers to baseline the performance of each individual which is usually calculated in percentage across different time intervals. Ex ample if any sales representative is getting around 25% of the total sales as required by the company. The third step is to identify existing behavior contingencies or consequences of performance exactly how the employee is performing. The fourth step is to develop intervention strategies in other words some element of the performance reward- linkage structure, process, technology, groups, or tasks is changed to make high level performance more rewarding. After the intervention step, the manager again measures performance to determine whether the desired effect has been achieved. If not manager must again re design the intervention strategy or repeat the entire process. Next step is to maintain desirable behaviors through positive reinforcement for example granting incentives every time a desired behavior is shown by the employee. Finally, managers has to evaluate performance management as to how the employee are performing and by offering long term rewards like incre ase in pay, promotion to sustain ongoing efforts to improve performance. (Griffin W. Rickey 9th edition, p no 108 ) Chapter 4 Types of Reinforcement Reinforcement Methods Source: The fundamentals of Organization Behavior by Henri L. Tossi, Neal P. Mero 3.1 Positive Reinforcement: Thomas J. Peters, author of In Search of Excellence, emphasizes that organizations striving for success need to celebrate what you want to see more of from your employees. In order to do this it is essential to understand the concept of positive reinforcement and its easy integration into your organization. Positive reinforcement is a standard analyzing tool that can be used in workplace, educational institutions and even in our day to day life, which is connected to performance or behavior. Positive reinforcement is used by managers to extract the desired behavior from the employee keeping organization success in mind. Positive reinforcement can be achieved by observing and carin g about an employee, positive reinforcement has a major impact on employee motivation, satisfaction, productivity and loyalty in attaining individual success. As well employee success contributes to the overall improvement in the organization s performance. As all of these results and success factors of positive reinforcement begin to come together, your organization will leap ahead in its increasingly competitive marketplace. Positive reinforcement in an organization can be achieved in many ways like praising the employee if he has achieved his target and giving incentives if the employee has completed the project for the month and taking the team out for a dinner and appreciate their effort and also managers can provide training to the employees who has achieved the goals and objectives of the organization. This will be immediately followed by the positive behavior; the employee will see a link between behavior and positive consequences and will be motivated to repeat similar b ehaviors in future. And employees tend to repeat the same in order to gain appreciation. Shaping is a methodical and progressive application of positive reinforcement. It occurs when more frequent, or more powerful, reinforcements are successively given as the employee comes closer to the desired behavior8. Even though the desired behavior is not shown by the employee, it will be encouraged by giving reinforcement for behavior in the right direction. Shaping can be used by managers to train the employee for complex tasks/assignments. 3.2 Negative Reinforcement: Negative reinforcement is one which involves the removal of undesired behavior of an employee. Negative reinforcement is also known as Avoidance. In other words negative reinforcement is used to increase the desired behavior. Rather than receiving a reward following a desirable behavior, the person is given the opportunity to avoid an unpleasant consequence (Griffin W. Rickey 9th edition, p no 108 ). This also inv olves removal of objectionable outcomes once desired behavior is demonstrated. Example of common undesired behavior of employee in an organization Employees rushing and not quality checking their own work. Talking to colleagues instead of responding to customers in a timely manner which hampers the growth of the organization Being unpleasant, rude or argumentative to team mates. Opposing all improvement suggestions made by the managers. Repeatedly raising trivial issues. Taking excessive breaks. Not showing interest in learning new things related to work. Managers can apply negative reinforcement theory to control the behavior of the employee Example 1: if the employee is not showing interest in the work and is showing casual attitude, managers can speak to the employee and cut down the incentive so that deduction may correct the behavior of the employee, so here incentive acts as a catalyst to change the behavior of the employee. Example 2: Managers pr essurize the employee if the report/project is not completed on time, these results in employee completing the report/project to avoid pressure from the manager. Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment, but they are not the same. Punishment attempts to decrease the probability of specific behaviors; negative reinforcement attempts to increase desired behavior. Negative reinforcement can be used effectively by managers to reshape the behavior of the employee in the organization and change to desired behavior. So negative reinforcement is one of the standard reinforce that can be used by managers. 3.3 Punishment: Punishment is another process in reinforcement theory which managers can implement on employee to reduce the frequency of undesirable behaviors. Punishment is an unpleasant, or aversive, consequence of a behavior. Examples of punishment are verbal or written reprimands, pay cut, layoffs, loss of privileges and may be termination. (Griffin W. Ri ckey 9th edition ) Punishment is different from negative reinforcement, in negative reinforcement is used to increase the desired behavior of the employee whereas in punishment the unpleasant behavior is eliminated by having a negative event which follows the behavior of the employee. Here in punishment the employee stops or avoids undesirable consequences. Punishment must be used as a tool to change the behavior of the employee and give employee a chance to correct his behavior. Besides undesired behavior may far reach negative effects if they go unpunished. (Griffin W. Rickey 9th edition, p no 105 ) Example 1: Manager must punish the employee if he continues to underperform after several warnings and does not show any improvements. Punishment should be used as a last resort to change the behavior of the employee because it may put lot of pressure and stress which may result in unpredictable outcome. Punishment may not permanently eliminate undesired behavior because so metimes it will be not having an alternative to the desired behavior. 3.4 Extinction: Extinction is referred as elimination of desired behavior when manager s hold back positive reinforcement. If rewards are withdrawn for behaviors that were previously reinforced, the behaviors will probably become less frequent and die out. (Griffin W. Rickey 9th edition, p no 105 ) The behavior of the employee is no longer reinforced and is less likely to occur in future and may affect the organization growth, while positive reinforcement contributes to the overall growth of the organization extinction can hamper the growth by not recognizing employee performance. Example 1: If the employee is continually praised for the promptness in which he completes his work for several months, but receives no praise in subsequent months for such behavior, his desirable behaviors may diminish. Thus, Extinction is the most important part of reinforcement theory because it may affect the employee productivity or creativity which reflects in the employee performance. So as to avoid unwanted extinction, managers may have to continue to offer positive behavioral consequences and maintain his good performance. If managers inadvertently or otherwise, stop rewarding valuable behaviors such as good performance, those behaviors may also become extinct. (Griffin W. Rickey 9th edition, p no 105 ) Chapter 5 Schedules of Reinforcement Schedules of reinforcement theory are based on when managers should apply different types of reinforcement theory to shape or reshape the desired behavior of the employees. Applying different types completely depends on the situation. The table below shows summarizes the five basic reinforcement schedules that managers can use Source: Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizations by Ricky W. Griffin, Gregory Moorhead The two main types of reinforcement schedules are continuous and intermittent. Although the schedule of rei nforcement often depends on practical considerations, reinforcement is always delivered according to some schedule. ( Slocump W. John no 108 ) 5.1 Continuous Reinforcement Continuous reinforcement rewards behaviour every time it occurs. Continuous reinforcement is very effective in motivating desirable behaviors, especially in the early stages of learning, when the goal is to familiarize the employee being conditioned with the basic ground rules of the situation. Continuous reinforcement must be provided promptly and consistently in order to work. Managers must closely monitor the behavior of the employee to reward every time he delivers desirable behaviors. Partial reinforcement may affect the employee from showing desired behavior, if the employee is praised for every time he completes his work and will not receive any acclamation for the subsequent works done, the employee may stop putting the extra effort. Every time reinforcement is applied it strengthens behavior, so continuous reinforcement leads to very rapid increases in the rate of behavior. It is especially useful, then, when the task is to shape up some new behavior or behavior chain. ( Chance Paul, p no 177 ) 5.2 Fixed Interval Reinforcement Fixed interval reinforcement is defined as the reinforcement schedule where rewards are spaced at uniform levels. The critical variable is time, and it is held constant. This is the predominant schedule for most salaried employees11. Examples of fixed interval reinforcement may be monthly salaries given to employee, pay check given on weekly basis; employees are rewarded on a fixed interval reinforcement schedule. ( Robbins, Judge, Millet, p no 59 ) In fixed interval reinforcement employee are not rewarded whenever they show desired behavior, they will be rewarded on a monthly, weekly basis unlike in continuous reinforcement employee will be rewarded every time a desired behavior is occurred. Unfortunately, in many situations the fixed interval schedule does not necessarily maintain high performance levels. Example: if employees know that they will be paid and visited by manager on a weekly basis, they may be motivated to work hard at that point of time, to gain praise and recognition. And other days of the week the employees may not work so hard because they have learned that reinforcement is unlikely except during the weekly visit. 5.3 Variable Interval Reinforcement Variable reinforcement uses time as the basis for applying reinforcement, but it varies the interval between reinforcement. This schedule is inappropriate for paying wages, but it can work well for other types of positive reinforcement such as praise and recognition and for avoidance. ( Griffin W. Ricky, 9th Edition, p no 105 ) Considering the above example for variable reinforcement if manager s visits employees work stations any time during the week, so they will be having no idea of when the manager will be visiting their work station s, so employee will be motivated to work hard for a longer period of time. 5.4 Fixed Ratio In a fixed- ratio schedule, after a fixed or constant amount number of responses are given, a reward is initiated. ( Robbins, Judge, Millet ) With fixed-ratio reinforcement, the number of behaviors needed to obtain reinforcement is constant. Fixed interval means it happens at the same rate at the same time. Like an allowance that you receive on the 20th of every month. 5.5 Variable Ratio Variable Ratio reinforcement, the number of behaviors required for reinforcement varies over time. An employee performing under a variable ratio schedule is motivated to work hard because each successful behavior increases the probability that the next one will result in reinforcement14. ( Griffin W. Ricky, 9th Edition, p no 106 ) Variable ratio reinforcement tends to be the most powerful of the entire reinforcement schedules because in variable ratio the number of desired behavior required f or reinforcement is not important, intervals between reinforcement is very crucial, interval between reinforcement must not be too long that the employee will be demotivated and stops trying it. Example: Variable ratio refers to getting different amount money at different times. This could be seen in someone who is paid in commission the more cars a person sells, the more money he makes, therefore it is a ratio and he/she doesn t know how many cars they are going to sell to make money, so they must sell as many cars as possible. Chapter 6 Being a Motivating Manager In previous chapters we have discussed about the types and schedules of reinforcement, in this chapter we will discuss few points about how manager should motivate the employee in order to get the best results out of them: 1) Treat staff well: Manager has to be friendly with the entire employees in the organization and also has to maintain a level of distance with his staff, which is bit complicated. Ma nager should motivate the employee by having timely discussions and group meetings and encouraging them for the desired behavior. Small gestures of this type help in building up of a cordial relationship. (2) Recognize the differences: Recognizing the difference is very difficult on the manager s part, which should be carried out very cautiously because all the employees in the organization vibrate to a different pace, so motivating one employee may affect other employee growth and can also demotivated him/her. Understanding and recognizing the differences between the individual is very important. (3) Set realistic goals: Set moderate goals. Setting too high a task creates a feeling of non-achievement, right from the beginning itself. The goals set should be such which seem feasible to the employees to be achieved. A slightly higher target than expected provides a challenge. (4) Prevent Demonization: The job of the manager is to motivate the employee working under him, the role of manager includes both motivating and punishing the employee, but punishment must be used as an last resort to change the behavior of the employee else it may affect the productivity of the employees. (5) Non-financial rewards: Apart from giving incentives, pay raise, manager has to focus on non-monetary rewards such as an achievement award or a letter of appreciation which boosts the efficiency of the staffs to work harder and also gain more accolades in future which will create a competitive environment in the work place. Chapter 7 Conclusion Reinforcement theory explains in detail how an individual learns behaviour. Managers who are making attempt to motivate the employees must ensure that they do not reward all employees simultaneously. They must tell the employees what they are not doing correct and guide them properly to ensure that all the employee work towards achieving the organization success. The main objective of reinforcement theory is to ensure that employees perform the tasks assigned to them as fast as they can, take new projects and put their maximum efforts in achieving the tasks and increase there efficiency. Manager must see the employees in the human perspective and not in business perspective, so manager must give chances to the employees to move towards the desired behavior from the undesired, which helps both the employee in increasing the frequency of desired behavior and managers to be successful and build a good rapport with the employees.

The Victims Of History By George Orwell - 1234 Words

The Victims of History the importance in critical history studies In his critically acclaimed novel, 1984, George Orwell wrote the following; â€Å"Who controls the past controls the future. And who controls the present controls the past.† When discussing the validity of studying history critically, I think this quote accurately highlights many of the key points that are discussed when it comes to studying history. Critical history analysis prompts us to consider more than just the information we are presented with, instead it seeks to uncover both sides of the full story. Taking this into consideration, the first part of Orwell’s quote can be understood as a representation of the stories that are presented to us as history. The victors of these past battles and power struggles became those who control the narrative which in turn becomes the dominant narrative and enforced narrative. While there are those who may choose to accept these societally favoured ideologies, without critical investigation we leave ourselves blind to the true atrocities that have been committed in order to secure positions of power. I will be using the opinions and facts presented in the essays written by Tricia Logan and Joan Scott as evidence to support my reasoning for the importance in critical historical studies. Tricia Logan’s essay; Memory, Erasure and National Myth, takes a look at Canadian history through a critical lens, focusing especially on the relationship between the CanadianShow MoreRelatedEssay on 1984: A Prophesy for the Future?1049 Words   |  5 Pagesto control the personal life of the citizens. The government wanted the people to have no thoughts of their own and insisted on having constant support from its citizens. The state controlled everything, your thought, your actions, and even your history. The 1940s were full of tension and changes. 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Story of the Stone Essay - 1393 Words

Cao Xueqin’s Story of the Stone is a classic in Chinese literature, showcasing the life and exploits of the wealthy Jia clan during the feudal era. Through Cao’s depiction, the reader is afforded a glimpse into the customs and lifestyle of the time. Chinese mode of thought is depicted as it occurred in daily life, with the coexisting beliefs of Confucianism and Taoism. While the positive aspects of both ideologies are presented, Cao ultimately depicts Taoism as the paramount, essential system of belief that guides the character Bao-yu to his eventual enlightenment. As was the case in China, Cao depicts the two forms of belief existing alongside one another, and not necessarily practiced exclusively to one another. Confucianism†¦show more content†¦After publishing the work, Vanitas experiences a Taoist transformation. Confucian ideology is presented early in the text as well. In Chapter Six, we see a distant relative coming to the household to seek financi al help. Despite their estrangement and lack of contact in recent years, the family is generous and Xi-feng presents Grannie Liu with silver. Here the Confucian filial obligation to family is highlighted. In the Confucian system, such a system of virtuous relationships provides structure and order to an otherwise chaotic society. Xi-feng’s actions demonstrate the importance to which Confucian values were held in this period. In contrast to Confucian beliefs, which seek understanding through obligation to duty and family, Taoism provides a better platform for personal betterment and spiritual awakening. In the fifth chapter, when Bao-yu is summoned to the Land of Disillusion, his fairy-overseers explain their concern for him, because as they see it, he the last possible chance for redemption of the family. They are concerned that Bao-yu’s sexual curiosity is getting in the way of his studies and the advancement of his Confucian understanding. For this reason, th e Fair of Disenchantment arranges for a sexual rendezvous between Bao-yu and her own sister in hopes that it will snap him out of his earthly desires. â€Å"My motive in arranging this is to help you grasp the fact that, since even in these immortal precincts love is an illusion, the love ofShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of Stone Mother847 Words   |  4 PagesGroup 1, Question B The story of Stone Mother functions both as an origin and etiological story because it provided a sense of values and explained the phenomena of nature’s creation in time. It’s amazing to analyze how certain landmarks in nature were created based upon the stories that were passed down through generations. The story shared the value of family and to appreciate the connection that exists between people and nature. 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Business Ethics - Assessed student reflection on ‘FLOW...

We have all heard of ‘bad’, unethical or immoral business practices. The FLOW documentary outlines a number of unethical business practices in relation to water. Business Ethics provides some tools (moral frames) for explaining what makes certain business behaviours unethical, which can assist in ethical decision-making. After viewing FLOW, find a journal article that meets the following conditions: it is based on one of the moral frames listed in Q2 AND is relevant to one of the ethical issues you identify in Q1 . The article should help you to deepen your understanding of the issues and the moral frames. After viewing FLOW and finding a relevant journal article, answer the following questions in 500 words. (You will probably use a†¦show more content†¦Motive: The reason of development is to make human life better. 2. Basis of will: Find a balance between the sustainable economic growth and environment protection. 3. Reasoned imperatives (commands/principles): When a country is in a period of rapid industrialization, there is a large gap between economic growth and resource consumption. The solution is always find a balance point in order to solve environmental problems through the development, and promote development by addressing environmental issues. Since the utilitarian view only consider influence for the result of the act, people may consider the economic growth must bring consequence. Which means all the environmental damage are necessary. But under this condition, this view consider as unethical view. Many people around world are suffering from the consequence of pollution. And every aspect of people’s life is affected by pollution and wastefulness. It is unbelievable that people are having hard time to get natural resource that is essential for human life. The reason of development is to make human life better. And one of the most important symbol is a better environment. 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The Things They Carried By Tim O Brien - 1669 Words

Truth has many meanings but the qualities of being a logical and relatable story can stand out to someone. In The Things They Carried, by Tim O’Brien, is a novel that unfolds the truths about the Vietnam war through short stories. The Vietnam war is one of the longest war the U.S. ever participates in which lasted from 1955-1975. Furthermore, through the narration of these stories Tim O’Brien discusses about his feelings and perspective of the war. Also O’Brien writes stories that connects with ventures that has many experiences with war and people who face difficulties. Therefore, The Things They Carried is a collection of true stories because it is logical and relatable to both soldiers and people. â€Å"Enemies† and â€Å" Friends† are relatable and logical because, both people and soldiers experience a situation where there is feud in the midst but eventually dwindle off so trust can form. In â€Å" Enemies† Lee Strunk and Dave Jensen bef riend each other because Strunk stole Jensen s jackknife which turns into an uproar to go into details, â€Å"Lee Strunk and Dave Jensen got into a fistfight. It was about something stupid- a missing jackknife-but even so the fight was vicious†(O’Brien 60). furthermore, in â€Å" Friends†, â€Å"Dave Jensen and Lee Strunk did not become instant buddies, but they learn to trust each other...In late August they made a pact that if one of them should ever got totally funcked up-a wheelchair wound- the other guy would automatically find a way to end it† (Show MoreRelatedThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Vietnam War was a long, exhausting, and traumatic experience for all of the soldiers and those who came with them. The Things They Carried, by Tim O Brien illustrates the different affects the war had on a variety of people: Jacqueline Navarra Rhoads, a former nurse during the Vietnam war, demonstrates these effects within her own memoir in the book, The Forgotten Veterans. Both sources exemplify many tribulations, while sharing a common thread of suffering from mental unpredictability. DesensitizationRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1377 Words   |  6 Pageslove to have it as good as we do. Tim O’Brienâ€⠄¢s The Things They Carried discusses many veterans who experience the burden of shame and guilt daily due to their heroic actions taken during the Vietnam War. The book shows you how such a war can change a man before, during, and after it’s over.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As I reflect on the many conflicts America has been a part of, none can compare to the tragedies that occurred in The Vietnam war. 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As O’Brien argues, absolute occurrence is irrelevant because a true war story does not depend upon that kind of truth. Mary Ann’s induction into genuine experience is clearly destructive as well as empowering† (p.12) Tim O’s text, The Things they Carried, details his uses of word choice to portray his tone and bias. Tim O’BrienRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1169 Words   |  5 Pagesbut are set in the past and borrows things from that time period. A story that fits this genre of literature is The Things They Carried. The story is about Tim O Brien, a Vietnam veteran from the Unite States, who tells stories about what had happ ened when he and his team were stationed in Vietnam. He also talks about what he felt about the war when he was drafted and what he tried to do to avoid going to fight in Vietnam. The Things They Carried by Tim O Brien was precise with its portrayal of settingRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1004 Words   |  5 Pages Tim O’Brien is a veteran from of the Vietnam War, and after coming home from his duty he decided to be a writer. His work â€Å"The Things They Carried† is about a group of soldiers that are fighting in the Vietnam War. The first part of the story talks mostly about physical items that each soldier carries, and also mentions the weight of the items as well. Though, there is one exception to the list of physical things. Lieutenant Cross is a character of the story, and Tim O’ Brien quickly states theRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien896 Words   |  4 PagesTrouble without a doubt is what First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross c arried around his shoulders because he was out in war, where mistakes happen. Lost and unknown of his surroundings he had to lead his men into safety, while destroying anything they found. 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These â€Å"things† identify the characters and bring them to life.   I find that to be true as the author unfolds the stories about war and the uncommon things one carries in to war both inadvertently and on purpose.  Ã‚  Ã‚  As it was noted: Stories about war –

A Home Depot Analysis Free Essays

Final Exam Questions 1a. The way that Nardelli laid out his plan for change was one of the reasons I think it was so successful. He came in and addressed the problems that were easy to point out and also the ones that weren’t apparent to other employees. We will write a custom essay sample on A Home Depot Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nardelli needed to rebuild an organization that could easily compete with other big names, and this was relatively easy because the people at Home Depot knew the importance of taking advantage of its growing size. Nardelli did this by implementing a three strategy plan that involved enhancing the core, extending the business, and expanding the market. Nardelli’s first step in the process was enhancing the core. This involved improving the profitability of current and future stores, as well as in existing markets. From the article Heart of Change, I think that Kotter’s first step, increase urgency, relates the most to Nardelli’s first step. Kotter describes his first step like this; â€Å"A sense of urgency, sometimes developed by very creative means, gets people off the couch, out of the bunker, and ready to move† (Cohen and Kotter 690) essay writer life hacks. I think that this is what Nardelli was trying to make happen in his first step for change. He needed the people of the company to see what the issues were, and make a point to say that if we stay where are now, we will fall behind in a few years. This sense of urgency and improvement was the right step to getting Home Depot employees to care and start to make the best change for the company. The first step leads right into Nardelli’s second step which was, extend the business. Nardelli’s purpose with this step was to get employees to come up with ways to better serve the customers. This was to not only enhance customer service, but to become a standout figure among competitors. This was probably one of the most important steps and I think that Nardelli implemented it very well. I related this step to Kotter’s fifth step of empowering action. I chose this because Kotter outlines this step as â€Å"Key obstacles that stop people from acting on the vision are removed† (Cohen and Kotter 697). The obstacle that Nardelli needed to remove was the similarities between his company and competitors. He did this by offering related home improvement services such as tool rental and home installation of products. This set them apart and allowed them to overcome that â€Å"obstacle† and continue to move forward. I think that this was the most important step because it represents the major ‘bump in the road’ that Home Depot needed to overcome in order to continue to keep growing. The final step in Nardelli’s plan was expanding the market. This was one of the easiest steps to correlate to Kotter because I think that it made the most sense, without specifically saying that same thing. Kotter’s seventh step of don’t let up is described as this; â€Å"a change effort will have direction and momentum†¦ build on this momentum and make a vision a reality†. (Cohen and Kotter 700). The whole point of Nardelli’s third step is to take what they have learned and implemented in the company thus far and expand geographically, even serve new kinds of customers. This was his way of carrying the momentum of success out as far as it could go, and making sure that Home Depot didn’t let their success slip through their fingers. This a very good move on Nardelli’s part, and attracting new customers such as commercial contractors and even women, made a huge impact on the overall morale, and success of the store. The only thing that I would have suggested Kotter adds to his plan, was the implementation of metrics. The Home Depot article talks about how in the beginning there was some harsh resistance to the change, â€Å"Resistance to the changes was fierce, particularly from managers: Much of the top executive team left during Nardelli’s first year† (Charan 64). Nardelli did use metrics, and they did make a difference. However, I think that if he had made them a part of his plan and used them earlier in the process they would have made an impression on the executives that did end up leaving. If Nardelli had used metrics I think that they would have correlated with Kotter’s fourth step, communicate for buy-in. This is described as â€Å"simple heartfelt messages sent through many unclogged channels† (Cohen and Kotter 697). Those metrics were the heartfelt messages that needed to be expressed to get people motivated even sooner. With my suggestion Nardelli’s plan should have looked like the following: Enhance the Core, Express Metrics, Extend the Business and Expand the market. Overall, I think that Nardelli did an excellent job, and that taking my advice, would have only yielded better results. 1b. When Nardelli first arrived at Home Depot, the culture was one that was very close-knit and family oriented. I chose this term to describe the culture because the former CEO and chairman were often thought of as father figures by other employees; â€Å"Many employees simply couldn’t picture this company without these father figures† (Charan 63). When reading the article about Home Depot, there was one specific sentence that stood out to me because it described the pre-Nardelli culture very well, â€Å"It was marked by and entrepreneurial high-spiritedness, a willingness to take risks; a passionate commitment to customers, colleagues, the company, and to the community; and an aversion to anything that felt bureaucratic or hierarchical† (Charan 62-63). Looking specifically at this description of the culture, I can find characteristics that relate directly to low-context cultures, as well as to O’Reily, Chatman and Caldwell’s Cultural Characteristics. I came to the conclusion that the culture at Home Depot was a low-context culture specifically because high-context cultures are based largely on hierarchy. According to our class notes on culture low-context cultures are described as â€Å"cultures that focus on that which is explicit. People are specific and clear in their communication† (Culture Notes 1). This description fits the culture of Home Depot, not only because it strays away from hierarchy, but also because it was very much based on entrepreneurship; which requires specific and clear communication. I believe that the entrepreneurial high-spiritedness that is described above contributes to the feeling of a family oriented and close knit company. Relating the culture to the cultural characteristics of O’Reily, Chatman and Caldwell was relatively easy as well. Specifically there were three characteristics that stood out to me: innovation and risk taking, attention to detail, and people orientation. I chose these because of the way the culture is described. Innovation and risk taking is described as the degree to which employees are encouraged to be innovative and take risks. Not only was it said outright that this was a characteristic of the company, but I feel as though the close-knit environment promoted this kind of thinking; making everyone feel comfortable and open to sharing their ideas. Attention to detail was not as direct as the previous example, but I related this to the description of entrepreneurial high-spiritedness. Attention to detail is described as the degree to which employees are expected to exhibit precision, analysis and attention to detail. This definition drew me to lean towards entrepreneurship because I thought that all of the qualities listed are qualities that would be necessary to be a successful entrepreneur. Again, these are all characteristics that thrive in a close-knit family style culture. Finally, I chose people orientation. This is described as the degree to which management decisions take into consideration the effect of outcomes on people within the organization. This definition not only relates to the passionate commitment to customers, colleagues, the company, and to the community part of the description, but it also relates to the definition of low context culture. I know that specifically people orientation talks about people within the company, but I think that part of the reason Home Depot was so successful was that it reached outside of the company to impact people’s lives. Lastly, a major part of the low-context culture definition is that people are specific and clear in their communication, and I believe that people orientation would not be successful if this were not a major factor. The pre-Nardelli culture was very easy to define, and point out specific aspects that made it easy to describe and compare. When talking about the post-Nardelli culture, the only thing that really stood out to me was a difference in the feel of the culture. By this I mean specifically it went from a close-knit, family style culture, to a big corporation style that is highly focused on building the organization to take advantage of its outrageous growth. Instead of focusing specifically on the people in and outside of the community, this post culture was a focus on merchandising and collaboration between regional and store operators. Everything was on a larger scale, and even little thinks such as shelf organization and signage were standardized and enhanced, so they were able to stay on the playing field with competitors such as Wal-Mart. While I think that this doesn’t change the fact that it is a low-context culture, because there is still a focus on people and communication and an avoidance of hierarchy, I do think that it changes some of the relatable characteristics of O’Reily, Chatman, and Caldwell’s cultural characteristics. I do not think that they lost innovation and risk taking, attention to detail and people orientation, but simply that the focus was significantly diminished. Instead a focus on team orientation and aggressiveness was emphasized. Team orientation is defined in our notes as the degree to which work activities are organized around teams rather than individuals. While the pre culture wasn’t so individually focused that it was everyman for himself, it’s that the post culture needed teams to make sure that all of the new projects like, merchandizing and reevaluation of the store environment, were successful. Finally for the post culture, there was a definite lean toward aggressiveness, which is defined in our notes as the degree to which people are aggressive and competitive rather than easygoing. I do not think that in the pre culture that they were quite on the level of stability from our culture notes, but that Nardelli promoted an environment that allowed people to be assertive and aggressive towards achieving more growth. For the most part I thought that pre- and post-Nardelli cultures were very similar, minus the shift in focus from family business, to large corporation. How to cite A Home Depot Analysis, Papers

Fundamentals of Travel and Tourism-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Tourism. Answer: History of tourism The history of tourism is almost 2000 years old. The wealthy Roman people started this whole idea of tourism, when they started to spend their summers in the countryside or near the coast, far away from the city of Rome. To cater to their needs of accommodation and food, a tourism industry started to develop. However, with the fall of the Roman Empire and turbulence in the country, this business went kaput (Ghimire 2013). The trend of tourism again started in the medieval era due to the new interest on pilgrimage. Old English literatures such as Canterbury Tales by Chaucer, depict the culture of people of travelling to a holy shrine and relaxing and enjoying at the same time (Ringer 2013). Thus, they needed places to eat, sleep and relax while travelling. This way the tourism industry started to develop. People from all over the world, influenced by religion, started to travel for pilgrimage and this way, the concept of tourism started to develop. After another hundred years, people started to travel for health, education and culture. In the eighteenth century, travel for all these factors increased. People, who could afford, used to travel to famous places for higher education, for improving health conditions and for cultural development (Ashworth and Larkham 2013). The current development in travel and tourism is the increase in international travel. As the economies are getting stronger, disparities among the economies are decreasing, people have more money and the travel destinations are getting cheaper, the craze for international traveling has increased multiple times in the past decade (Horner and Swarbrooke 2016). Educational travel has also increased in recent times. Types of tourism and their characteristics Tourism is categorized in different categories. Some people travel for leisure and holiday, some travel for business, some travel for education, some for pilgrimage and some for medical purpose. However, the whole concept of tourism can be broadly divided into two categories; mass and special interest tourism (Hall and Page 2014). Mass tourism refers to the tourism activities organized for the mass. It is usually organized by travel companies for large groups of people to some specialized travel destinations. Sometimes people also organize group tours for themselves to a specialized location. This also falls under the category of mass tourism. For example, guided packaged tours conducted by the travel companies to some abroad cities for few days, cruise tours, bus tours, theme parks, tourist business district tours, resort towns, all inclusive resorts etc. (Page 2014). Special interest tourism refers to the travel interest of people for a specific purpose to specific locations. In other words, this type of tourism involves individuals or groups of people who want to travel for a specific purpose and to places related to the purpose. It is also known as niche tourism. It is opposite to the mass tourism in regards to the objectives. In this type of tourism, the particular interests, needs and motivation of people are taken care of. The leisure holidays and recreational experiences can also happen for special interest (Frechtling 2012). There are many people who would like to travel for a specific purpose, such as, to explore the historical places or natural wonders, to explore different cuisines, to participate in a cultural event like Mardi Gras, or just to relax. This can be classified as special interest tourism. It also includes activity tours such as, hiking, cycling, sailing, etc., educational tours, adventure tours like mountaineering, tours f or pursuing hobbies, like wine tasting, discovery of new places, social tours such as camping, clubbing, medical tourism and pilgrimage tours. Over the years, the characteristics of tourism have evolved. People are now more interested in special interest tourism than for mass tourism. Hence, the niche tourism has become a focus of the travel companies in the past decade (Peng, Song and Crouch 2014). Motivations for tourism Tourists visit a place for many reasons. These reasons generate due to variety of factors present in a tourist destination. This can be explained by the theories of tourism demand. The term tourism demand is a broad one. It covers the elements that influence the demand, the spatial features, different types and the motives behind the demand. This demand is generated by individuals, called tourists and the particular place for which this happens, is called the tourism destination. Time and seasons often influence the tourism demand. The demand for tourism services either changes or advances, and this is stimulated by the arrival of new tourists. When these tourists visit a place, they expect high quality service and value for money. Hence, the features and level of demand evolve with every set of tourists (Kim and Eves 2012). According to Wu and Pearce (2014), there are three major types of tourism demand, called actual demand, suppressed demand and the latent demand. Actual demand, also known as effective demand for tourism, is generated from the tourists actually in involved the process of travel and tourism. In other words, the tourists, who are actually travelling in a particular time, generate the actual demand for tourism. The second category includes people who want to travel but unable to do that due to unavoidable circumstances beyond control. The latent demand is related to the temporal and spatial demand at a particular site, such as, demand for accommodation or travel service etc. at a particular tourist destination. However, the general law of demand is applicable in this sector also, as when the price of a destination increases, the demand for the destination falls (Wong, Cheung and Wan 2013). Although, apart from price, there are many factors that influence the tourism demand, such as, hist orical importance, natural beauty, services, city landscape etc. The reasons for tourism demand can be explained through push and pull factors and impact of those on the psychology of people. This can be explained by the concepts that people go for travelling because they are pushed by the internal forces or the needs and wants, and they choose a destination because they are pulled by the features or attributes of the place (Chan and Quah 2012). According to Pesonen (2012), the push factors are those, which drive a person to go for travelling and pull factors are those, which attract a potential tourist towards a destination. Push factors are the socio-psychological elements, such as, the desire for taking a break from daily life, desire for pilgrimage, the habit of exploration or adventure, educational purpose and enhancement of cultural and social relationships. The pull factors are generated by a destination through its features. When a potential tourist chooses a destination, he is attracted by the social, cultural and environmental features, such as, natural beauty, tourist attractions, city life, special events, scope for higher education, etc. These factors need to be developed by the destination to pull the tourists (Kim and Eves 2012). The tourism demand can be identified in many ways, shaped by economic, geographic, psychological and political perspectives of people. These are categorized as the factors for motivation for travelling. People are motivated to travel due to many reasons and based on those, they are segmented by the travel companies into different categories. This segmentation of tourists is called tourist typologies. It helps the travel companies to understand their needs properly. There are many typologies created by experts, such as, Cohens Tourist Typology, Smiths Tourist Typology, Amexs Tourist Typology, and Plogs Tourist Typology. These authors have segmented the tourists into multiple categories based on their motivations and demand for destinations. For example, Cohen made four categories, namely, organized mass tourist, individual mass tourist, explorer and drifter. Smith classified them into 7 categories, namely, explorer, elite tourists, off beat tourists, unusual tourists, Incipient mass t ourists, mass tourists and charter tourists (Kim and Ritchie 2012). The factors influencing the motivations of tourists are divided into internal and external factors. Most of the push factors are intrinsic motivators and the pull factors are extrinsic motivators. The internal factors include attitude of the tourists, perception, beliefs or values and personality of the tourists. The external factors include the economic condition, family background, culture and social class, age, place of origin, and market for destinations, services of tourism (Hosany and Prayag 2013). Both of the internal and external factors influence the motivation of the tourists to travel significantly. A person, by nature, is motivated to travel, but it can so happen that he is not economically stable to travel for a leisure holiday. Thus, his motivation for travelling is negatively affected by his economic condition. Development of a new destination: Six As of a tourist destination Tourist destinations are not only the places, but a combination of various tourism products, services, intangible items offered for promotion and experience. Although the general idea of a tourist destination represents the concept of a geographical location only, the experiences of the tourists and services provides in that location are also included in the range of tourist destination. There are six components that define the features of a tourist destination. These six components are designed from the point of view of industry supply or from the perspective of consumers. Hence, a tourist destination is often an amalgam of the six As, namely, Available packages, Accessibility, Attractions, Amenities, Activities and Ancillary services. Those six As are explained below in the context of developing a new tourist destination (Hays, Page and Buhalis 2013). Attractions: These can be natural or man made. For example, the Arches National Park in the United States is full of arches, developed naturally for millions of years. On the other hand, the Empire State Building in New York City is one of the tallest buildings, and Brooklyn Bridge are man made tourist attractions. Accessibility: Mode of transportation, that is available for the tourists to reach their desired destinations. For developing a new tourist destination, it is important to see if it is accessible to all types of tourists, including those with physical disabilities. Hence, mode of transportation, to and from the destinations makes the scope for accessibility (Goeldner and Ritchie 2012). Amenities: The services that are provided to the tourists in the destinations, such as, the room services, breakfast facilities, free parking, free wifi, swimming pool, mini fridge and microwave in the room, smoking and non smoking rooms, fitness centers etc. The destinations that provide these kind of facilities are always preferred by the tourists. Available package: This refers to the guided tour packages or combined packages to help the tourists to travel hassle free. This takes off the burden of creating the itinerary by the tourists for themselves and the destination makes it for them as they know the local region better than the tourists. This is a preferable factor for the tourists with kids or elderly tourists (Goeldner and Ritchie 2012). Activities: The activities that can be done at the particular destinations are one of the major attraction points. The coastal areas provide activities on the sea, such as, sun bathing on the beach, sailing, surfing, snorkeling, scuba diving etc. The mountain regions provide the scope for hiking, trekking, mountain climbing, camping into the woods etc. The destinations with such scopes for activities are always preferred by the tourists. Ancillary services: This refers to the development of marketing and coordinating activities in the destinations. For example, many destinations print tourism brochures and keep them on the front desk to help the tourists. The brochures include natural attractions, city or town attractions, theatre activities information, restaurant guides, transport guides etc. This is a part of marketing for the destination. For developing a new tourist destination, it is very essential to evaluate the six As of the destination. These factors cover all types of features such as, natural resources, general infrastructure, atmosphere and tourism infrastructure. Hence, a new destination must cover all these aspects to become a preferred one. Tourists in the modern world, have the access to the modern technologies, and therefore, can express their choices very quickly based on the components provided. Hence, while designing a new destination, it is important to see if there are natural or man made attractions, if the accessibility options are well developed, if the basic amenities are provided, if there is any available package, the number of activities available and if there is any ancillary services. These factors influence the motivation of the tourists and these can be categorized as pull factors of the destination (Hosany and Prayag 2013). Public, private and voluntary organizations in Tourism supply chain in UK Tourism supply chain refers to the network of the tourism organizations involved in various activities that cover the supply of various elements of the tourism products or services, such as, cars, flights, accommodation, and distribution and marketing of the end product or service of the tourism sector at a particular tourist destination (Guo and He 2012). Thus, it includes all the organizations that are actively involved in various steps of the tourism industry from supply to distribution to marketing. In simple words, the tourism supply chain is mostly comprised of accommodation services, transport services, travel agencies, recreational services, and food and beverage services. Figure 1: Tourism Supply Chain (Source: Goeldner and Ritchie 2012) In a country, like in other industries, the tourism industry is also made of three sectors, namely private, public and volunteers. It indicates that organizations from these three different affiliations can operate in this industry. In UK, majority of the travel and tourism organizations belong to the private sector. These private sectororganizations operate with a motive of profit making. In UK, 10% of the total population is employed in the tourism industry (Ons.gov.uk 2017). Some of the key organizations in the private sector are: Thomas Cook Alton Towers Holiday Inn British Airways London Eye Virgin Trains There are some public sector organizations operating in the tourism supply chain in UK. These are mostly funded by the government. The main purpose of these organizations is to provide education and increasing awareness (Lunt, Mannion and Exworthy 2013). Some key public sector organizations are: National gallery Museums Visitor Information Centers Regional development organizations Some voluntary organizations are also part of the tourism supply chain in UK. Those are mostly trusts or charities, and funded by the members and ticket prices of any event organized by them. They mostly work towards the sustainability and conservation of the heritage, environment and cultural history (Guo and He 2012). Some of the major organizations are: The National trust Tourism concern Friends of Williamson's The Sealed knot (stravelandtourism.weebly.com 2017) In the end it can be concluded, that the tourism sector in UK is a booming sector. Over the past centuries, this industry has passed several milestones. The development of tourism demand, tourist destinations, evaluation of motivations, and development of tourism supply chain have gone through a huge change and along with the introduction of technology, it has become more important to improve the factors that influence the tourism demand in UK. References Ashworth, G. and Larkham, P. eds., 2013.Building a new heritage (RLE Tourism). Routledge. Chan, J.K.L. and Quah, W.B., 2012. Start-up factors for small and medium-sized accommodation businesses in Sabah, Malaysia: push and pull factors.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,17(1), pp.49-62. Frechtling, D., 2012.Forecasting tourism demand. Routledge. Ghimire, K.B., 2013.The native tourist: Mass tourism within developing countries. Routledge. Goeldner, C.R. and Ritchie, J.B., 2012.Tourism: principles, practices, philosophies(No. Ed. 12). John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Guo, X. and He, L., 2012. Tourism supply-chain coordination: The cooperation between tourism hotel and tour operator.Tourism Economics,18(6), pp.1361-1376. Hall, C.M. and Page, S.J., 2014.The geography of tourism and recreation: Environment, place and space. Routledge. Hays, S., Page, S.J. and Buhalis, D., 2013. Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations.Current issues in Tourism,16(3), pp.211-239. Horner, S. and Swarbrooke, J., 2016.Consumer behaviour in tourism. Routledge. Hosany, S. and Prayag, G., 2013. Patterns of tourists' emotional responses, satisfaction, and intention to recommend.Journal of Business Research,66(6), pp.730-737. Kim, J.H. and Ritchie, B.W., 2012. Motivation-based typology: An empirical study of golf tourists.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,36(2), pp.251-280. Kim, Y.G. and Eves, A., 2012. Construction and validation of a scale to measure tourist motivation to consume local food.Tourism management,33(6), pp.1458-1467. Lunt, N.T., Mannion, R. and Exworthy, M., 2013. A framework for exploring the policy implications of UK medical tourism and international patient flows.Social Policy Administration,47(1), pp.1-25. Ons.gov.uk, 2017.Tourism industry - Office for National Statistics. [online] Ons.gov.uk. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/tourismindustry [Accessed 23 Aug. 2017]. Page, S.J., 2014.Tourism management. Routledge. Peng, B., Song, H. and Crouch, G.I., 2014. A meta-analysis of international tourism demand forecasting and implications for practice.Tourism Management,45, pp.181-193. Pesonen, J.A., 2012. Segmentation of rural tourists: Combining push and pull motivations.Tourism and Hospitality Management,18(1), pp.69-82. Ringer, G. ed., 2013.Destinations: cultural landscapes of tourism. Routledge. Song, H., 2012.Tourism supply chain management(Vol. 23). Routledge. stravelandtourism.weebly.com, 2017.Public, Private and Voluntary sector. [online] Travel and Tourism industry. Available at: https://stravelandtourism.weebly.com/public-private-and-voluntary-sector.html [Accessed 23 Aug. 2017]. Wong, M., Cheung, R. and Wan, C., 2013. A study on traveler expectation, motivation and attitude.Contemporary Management Research,9(2), p.169. Wu, M.Y. and Pearce, P.L., 2014. Chinese recreational vehicle users in Australia: A